René Laennec and the Invention of the Stethoscope

The stethoscope is an implement for listening to the internal sounds of the body. It is widely used by doctors and veterinarians to gather data from their patients, in particular, breathing and heart rate. The stethoscope may be acoustic or electronic, and some modern stethoscopes record sounds, as well.   The Stethoscope: An Instrument Born of Embarrassment The stethoscope was invented in 1816 by the French physician Renà © Thà ©ophile Hyacinthe Laà «nnec (1781-1826) at the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital in Paris. The doctor was treating a female patient and was embarrassed to use the traditional method of Immediate Auscultation, which involved the doctor pressing his ear to the patients chest. (Laà «nnec recounts that the method was rendered  inadmissible by the age and sex of the patient.) Instead, he rolled up a sheet of paper into a tube, which allowed him to hear his patients heartbeat. Laà «nnecs embarrassment gave rise to one of the most important and ubiquitous medical instruments. The first stethoscope was a wooden tube similar to the ear horn hearing aids of the time. Between 1816 and 1840, the various practitioners and inventors replaced the rigid tube with a flexible one, but documentation of this phase of the device’s evolution is spotty. We do know that the next leap forward in stethoscope technology took place in 1851 when an Irish doctor named Arthur Leared invented a binaural (two-ear) version of the stethoscope. This was refined the next year by George Cammann and put into mass production.   Other improvements to the stethoscope came in 1926, when Dr. Howard Sprague of Harvard Medical School and M.B. Rappaport, an electrical engineer, developed a double-headed chest piece. One side of the chest piece, a flat plastic diaphragm, rendered higher-frequency sounds when pressed to the patient’s skin, while the other side, a cup-like bell, allowed sounds of a lower frequency to be discerned.

Relationship Between Identity And Security - 1400 Words

Relationship of Identity and Security Identity and security underpins the majority of conflicts that have occurred. In conflicts, states are invested in promoting their constructed identity, and challenging the opposing identity. In the following section, this essay will be using the elements of interests, alliances, and fear of the other to demonstrate the underpinning of the relationship in the three events of the Vietnam War, dà ©tente and the 2003 Iraq invasion. Interests are important in the relationship as it allows us to observe why a state is involved in a conflict. With the U.S., the majority of the time it is interested in promoting its identity to oppose another’s identity. Interests also allow for the understanding of an†¦show more content†¦The Vietnam War The Vietnam War (1962-1975) was a part of the time where the fears of the Cold War was ripe. The U.S.’s foreign policy was focused on the containment of Soviet expansion around the world. The U.S. saw this expansion as the main threat to the west and to global security. To understand the U.S. fears during this war, one must understand the previous conflict that occurred in Korea. The Korean War (1950 – 1953) was somewhat similar to that of the Vietnam War. The Korean War saw the attempted invasion of South Korea by the communist North Korea. This invasion saw the involvement of the U.S. who aided South Korea, and the People’s Republic of China – a newly formed communist state. The Korean War influenced the U.S. as its state officials saw the North Korean and Chinese alliance as a larger cooperative communist threat. This threat played into the U.S.’s fear in Vietnam with the thought that communist states (the Soviets and China) were aiding North Vietnam to force the expansion of communism. This fear of communism shaped the U.S.’s identity and security relationship. The U.S. identified with liberal and capitalism and so found communism a threat due to its different beliefs. The ‘domino effect’ was an imagined Soviet foreign policy that U.S. policy makers feared. It was the belief that Soviets were

What is Academic Honesty free essay sample

Academic honesty is a guarantee of the top-class academic experience and the objective evaluation of the knowledge of the student. Owing to academic honesty the results of the tests and term paper analysis may be considered to be sufficiently accurate to be disputed. Academic honesty is an integral part Of any subsequent professional success, as the future professional learns during schooling years that he is responsible for creation his very own projects and for the appropriation of those belonging to other people.This makes the golden rule of the academic onsets: the way the student performs his academic work reflect the way he will perform his professional duties. This is the primary reason academic honesty code is very important for the student as it teaches to use the information and the ideas of other people as a base for further growth. Violation of the rules of academic honesty results in the next major activities: collusion, plagiarism, dishonest conduct and cheating (Rotten,1 999, p. We will write a custom essay sample on What is Academic Honesty or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 75). Nevertheless it is vital to mention the fact that the violation of academic honesty may reflect in many other manifestations. Major types Of academic dichotomously essays According to the Teaching resources guide (1996), the four major types of academic dishonesty in their turn may imply a great amount of different dishonest which may result up to expulsion from the educational establishment (p. 77). Therefore, the Teaching resources guide shows a more detailed overview of each type of academic dishonesty. Being academically honest means never stealing the intellectual property of other people. Or in case of using the product of someones intellectual activity provide it with the responding crediting of the used source (Rotten, 1999, p. 5). The failure to do so results in the plagiarism accusation. Academic honesty in terms of plagiarism encourages students to thinks about their own intellectual ideas rather than to borrow them and to be sure to name the author of the presented ides, rather than to conceal it. Cheating implies many possibilities of demonstrating academic results that are far from the real ones. The range of cheating tricks starts from copying for the papers of other people during a test and ends up with ordering customized papers in order to get higher core in class. In terms Of cheating academic honesty is when a student does not copy from anybody during the examination or test, does not transfer his own examination answers, does not claim the work of other individual as his own intellectual product and does not use unauthorized information for pass the examination (Teaching resources guide, 1 996, p. 78). As for dishonest conduct of the students, according to the notion of academic honesty, it has to deal with stealing or changing of official documents, submitting the same paper several times to different class and other.Academic honesty absolutely excludes the possibility of helping other students during the examination, assisting in the creation of the popularized paper and supporting intentional cheating. When the student fails to do so, he is accused of collusion. Therefore, it is evident that academic honesty of a student has a wide range of rules and laws that are to be followed in order to obtain an objective evaluation and to be conside red an academically honest student. This is vital due to the fact that an academically honest student eventually converts into a professionally honest worker.

One Hundred Years of Solitude Review Essay Example

One Hundred Years of Solitude Review Paper Essay on One Hundred Years of Solitude Write think I probably just two reviews. Review â„â€"1. The book was not understood and nedochitannoy. Melhiadesa after the death of the book remained attractive and interesting character for me. Plus, I quickly became entangled in the complex related-incestuous relationship kind Buendia. The more I read, the more One Hundred Years of Solitude was like some kind of second-rate (but perhaps there are others?) Latin American series, which for endless finding out who is who and who has to do not cost anything. Something unusual and catchy in the book, of course, there is, but this something is too little to make me overcome all these as a viscous gum description. The meaning of the name has remained unclear to me deeply. We will write a custom essay sample on One Hundred Years of Solitude Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on One Hundred Years of Solitude Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on One Hundred Years of Solitude Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Review â„â€"2. I know of no other such book that describes the relationship of love and loneliness. Love manifests itself throughout the book and is easy to understand why this is a book about love. Loneliness is disguised, it is not visible, but that it is the main driving force of the novel and that it triumphs in the final. Metaphor of the novel in my opinion is a spiral. It is a spiral unfolding story, constantly repeating itself, but in a different way. And the story of the last generation Buendia in fact it is just a repetition of the first generation of the story, but the repetition of on another level. The essence of events remains unchanged (and Muscovites have not changed), but you can not repeat anything this paradox of our lives Marquez showed like no other. All this (and much more) is not written in plain language: it does not say the characters, this is not in the authors words. The meaning of the novel hidden behind a veil of rain three years, this meaning Melhiad es knows and feels Pylades, you can see the glimmer of goldfish, it brings us a trickle of blood rushing through Mokondo. the readers task is to understand the book, but the fact that through the book to understand themselves and the world. Between these reviews of the gap lies in a few years. A few years alone. One Hundred Years of Solitude Review Essay Example One Hundred Years of Solitude Review Paper Essay on One Hundred Years of Solitude One Hundred Years of Solitude I read twice. Both times in the process of reading the book I covers a sense of excitement of discovery. How simple the world works and how difficult it is to live it every day making a choice between the true and the beginning of imaginary essence of human existence  « the main person neodalimaya passion wins up over death . this discovery was made last of the Buendia Aureliano. This is one of the few heroes, enjoy the fruits of happiness and harmony in love. Love and its accompanying passion two central truth of the novel. The only sin of mankind and the cause of its collapse the renunciation of love. The town of Macondo originally utopian paradise of love, the pursuit of happiness and harmony. Marquez shows what can be done with such a paradise, if you allow it to intervene in the life of politics, religion, power and war. Heroes Marquez, despite the constant frequency and cyclical fate, unique. On the events of the life of the author examines the internal and external barriers of love and happiness be it pride, fear, detachment, enthusiasm and external beauty, etc. Marquez talks about two types of men -. Visionaries and activists . Their base a strong and turbulent character of the founder of Josà © Arcadio Buendà ­a We will write a custom essay sample on One Hundred Years of Solitude Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on One Hundred Years of Solitude Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on One Hundred Years of Solitude Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer  «The Dreamers are looking for non-existent in the abstract ideas and images, myths and stories.. Figures looking for oblivion in the activities of the creative or destructive (usually the second), thus creating the city, laboratories, wars, revolutions, riots -. History Women Marquez originally created for love, for donations is in the name of rebels and dreamers, to find joy and happiness, prisoners of love The feeling of loneliness that accompanied almost all the characters of the novel -. a result, a harbinger of the wrong (and maybe for good reason) past life . Life gives everyone in the family take ottiskat and Love, but her time and again rejected by .. .neizbezhno bringing instant death of first child and then just sort of. What Marquez wrote this book? Perhaps he wanted to share with readers his sense of beingness of the world .. maybe he wanted to prevent the catastrophic human civilization, once refused to love for the sake of other values ​​ maybe it is designed for you to understand their own destiny. Image thinking and feeling human history glbalistskoe contagious. It is through the prism of this novel, I saw how the universe is endlessly repeated in each of us. History of one kind, and even one person there is a general history of civilizations replacing each other in the history of making the discoveries that have been made before . even when the world was so new that many things had no names and they accounted for the finger ». My dream is to forget everything here is old and once accidentally found this book again and grasp the meaning of each word, penetrating into the depths of the unknown, but close, resulting in the process of conception and me endlessly embodied in a plurality of open mind and soul. Take Marquez yaï Å  how to take it, because I live and good, each of us must live!